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It is spoken as a first language by the Amharasand also serves as a lingua franca for other populations residing in major cities and towns of Ethiopia. The language serves as the working language of Ethiopia, and is also the working language of several of the states within the Ethiopian federal system.
It is also the second-most commonly spoken Semitic language in the world after Arabic. Amharic is written left-to-right using a system that grew out of the Geʽez script. The writing system is called fidäl ፊደል in Ethiopian Semitic languages. Fidäl means "script", "alphabet", "letter", or "character".
The writing system is also called abugida አቡጊዳfrom the first four symbols; from this the modern term abugida is derived. There is no universally agreed way of romanising Amharic into Latin script. The Amharic examples in the sections below use one system that is common among linguists specialising in Ethiopian Semitic languages. The Amharic language possibly originated as result of a pidginization process with a Cushitic substratum and a Phd thesis of nabataean superstratum to enable communication between people who spoke a mix of different languages.
Amharic has been the official working language of Ethiopia, language of the courts, the language of trade and everyday communications and of the military since the phd thesis of nabataean 12th century. It is one of the official languages of Ethiopiatogether with OromoSomaliAfarand Tigrinya. Amharic is an Afro-Asiatic language of the Southwest Semitic group and is related to Geʽezor Ethiopic, the liturgical language of the Phd thesis of nabataean Orthodox church; Amharic is written in a slightly modified form of the alphabet used for writing the Geʽez language.
There are 33 basic characters, each of which has seven forms depending on which vowel is to be pronounced in the syllable. Until Amharic was in fact the only other official Ethiopian language on the federal level, alongside English. The Amharic ejective consonants correspond to the Proto-Semitic " emphatic consonants ", usually transcribed with a dot below the letter. The consonant and vowel tables give these symbols in parentheses where they differ from the standard IPA symbols.
The Amharic script is an abugidaand the graphemes of the Amharic writing system are called fidel. This is because these fidel originally represented distinct sounds, but phonological changes merged them. the first column of the fidel. The Amharic script is included in Unicodeand glyphs are included in fonts available with major operating phd thesis of nabataean. As in most other Ethiopian Semitic languagesgemination is contrastive in Amharic.
That is, consonant length can distinguish words from one another; for example, alä 'he said', allä 'there is'; yǝmätall 'he hits', yǝmmättall 'he will be hit'. Gemination is not indicated in Amharic orthography, but Amharic readers typically do not find this to be a problem.
This property of the writing system is analogous to the vowels of Arabic and Hebrew or the tones of many Bantu languageswhich are not normally indicated in writing. Ethiopian novelist Haddis Alemayehuwho was an advocate of Amharic orthography reformindicated gemination in his novel Fǝqǝr Ǝskä Mäqabǝr by placing a dot above the characters whose consonants were geminated, but this practice is rare. One may construct simple Amharic sentences by using a subject and a predicate.
Here are a few simple sentences: [26]. Lǝǧ is 'boy'. Lǝǧu is 'the boy'. Amharic grammar distinguishes personnumberand often gender. This includes personal pronouns such as English IAmharic እኔ ǝne ; English sheAmharic እሷ ǝsswa.
As in other Semitic languages, the same distinctions appear in three other places in their grammar. All Amharic verbs agree with their subjects ; that is, phd thesis of nabataean, the person, number, and in the second- and third-person singular gender of the subject of the verb are marked by suffixes or prefixes on the verb.
Amharic verbs often have additional morphology that indicates the person, phd thesis of nabataean, number, and second- and third-person singular gender of the object of the verb.
Almaz- ACC. ayyähʷ- at. For arguments of the verb other than the subject or the object, there are two separate sets of related phd thesis of nabataean, one with a benefactive meaning toforthe other with an adversative or locative meaning againstto the detriment ofonat, phd thesis of nabataean. door- DEF - ACC. käffätku- llat.
zäggahu- bbat. Morphemes such as -llat and -bbat in these examples will be referred to in this article as prepositional object pronoun suffixes because they correspond to prepositional phrases such as for her and on herto distinguish them from the direct object pronoun suffixes such as -at 'her'.
Amharic has a further set of morphemes that are suffixed to nouns, signalling possession : ቤት bet 'house', ቤቴ betephd thesis of nabataean houseቤቷ ; betwaher house. In each of these four aspects of the grammar, independent pronouns, subject—verb agreement, object pronoun suffixes, and possessive suffixes, Amharic distinguishes eight combinations of person, number, and gender.
For first person, phd thesis of nabataean, there is a two-way distinction between singular I and plural wewhereas for second and third persons, there is a distinction between singular and plural and within the singular a further distinction between masculine and feminine you m.
Amharic is a pro-drop language : neutral sentences in which no element is emphasized normally omit independent pronouns: ኢትዮጵያዊ ነው ʾityop̣p̣yawi näw 'he's Ethiopian', ጋበዝኳት gabbäzkwat 'I invited her', phd thesis of nabataean.
The Amharic words that translate heIand her do not appear in these sentences as independent words. However, in such cases, the person, number, and second- or third-person singular gender of the subject and object are marked on the verb.
When the subject or object in such sentences is emphasized, an independent pronoun is used: እሱ ኢትዮጵያዊ ነው ǝssu ʾityop̣p̣yawi näw ' he' s Ethiopian', እኔ ጋበዝኳት ǝne gabbäzkwat ' I invited her', እሷን ጋበዝኳት ǝsswan gabbäzkwat 'I invited her'. The table below shows alternatives for many of the forms. The choice depends on what precedes the form in question, usually whether this is a vowel or a consonant, for example, for the first-person singular possessive suffix, አገሬ agär-e 'my country', ገላዬ gäla-ye 'my body'.
Within second- and third-person singular, there are two additional polite independent pronouns, for reference to people to whom the speaker wishes to show respect. This usage is an example of the so-called T—V distinction that is made in many languages. The polite pronouns in Amharic are እርስዎ ǝrswo 'you phd thesis of nabataean. polite '. Although these phd thesis of nabataean are singular semantically—they refer to one person—they correspond to third-person plural elsewhere in the grammar, as is common in other T—V systems.
For the possessive pronouns, phd thesis of nabataean, however, the polite 2nd person has the special suffix -wo 'your sg, phd thesis of nabataean. For possessive pronouns mineyoursetc.
For reflexive pronouns 'myself', 'yourself', etc. Like English, Amharic makes a two-way distinction between near 'this, these' and far 'that, those' demonstrative expressions pronouns, adjectives, adverbs. Besides number, Amharic - unlike English - also distinguishes between the masculine and the feminine genders in phd thesis of nabataean singular. There are also separate phd thesis of nabataean for formal reference, comparable to the formal personal pronouns: እኚህ ǝññih 'this, these formal ' and እኒያ ǝnniya 'that, those formal '.
The singular pronouns have combining forms beginning with zz instead of y when they follow a preposition: ስለዚህ sǝläzzih 'because of this; therefore', እንደዚያ ǝndäzziya 'like that'. Note that the plural demonstratives, like the second and third person plural personal pronouns, are formed by adding the plural prefix እነ ǝnnä- to the singular masculine forms. Amharic nouns can be primary or derived. A noun like ǝgǝr 'foot, leg' is primary, and a noun like ǝgr-äñña 'pedestrian' is a derived noun.
Amharic nouns can have a masculine or feminine gender. There are several ways to express gender. An example is the old suffix -t for femininity. This suffix is no longer phd thesis of nabataean and is limited to certain patterns and some isolated nouns. Nouns and adjectives ending in -awi usually take the suffix -t to form the feminine form, e. ityop̣p̣ya- a wi 'Ethiopian m. ityop̣p̣ya-wi-t 'Ethiopian f. sämay-awi-t 'heavenly f. This suffix also occurs in nouns and adjective based on the pattern qǝt t ule.
nǝgus 'king' vs. nǝgǝs-t 'queen' and qǝddus 'holy m. qǝddǝs-t 'holy f. Some nouns and adjectives take a feminine marker -it : lǝǧ 'child, boy' vs.
lǝǧ-it 'girl'; bäg 'sheep, ram' vs. bäg-it 'ewe'; šǝmagǝlle 'senior, elder m. šǝmagǝll-it 'old woman'; t'ot'a 'monkey' vs. t'ot'-it 'monkey f. Some nouns have this feminine marker without having a masculine opposite, e.
šärär-it 'spider', azur-it 'whirlpool, eddy'. There are, however, also nouns having this -it suffix that are treated as masculine: säraw-it phd thesis of nabataean, nägar-it 'big drum'. The feminine gender is not only used to indicate biological gender, but may also be used to express smallness, e. bet-it-u 'the little house' lit. house- FEM - DEF. The feminine marker phd thesis of nabataean also serve to express tenderness or sympathy.
Amharic has special words that can be used to indicate the gender of people and animals. For people, wänd is used for masculinity and set for femininity, e. wänd lǝǧ 'boy', set lǝǧ 'girl'; wänd hakim 'physician, doctor m, phd thesis of nabataean. For animals, the words täbatawraor wänd less usual can be used to indicate masculine gender, and anəst or set to indicate feminine gender.
Examples: täbat t'ǝǧa 'calf m. The plural suffix -očč is used to express plurality of nouns. Some morphophonological alternations occur depending on the final consonant or vowel. For nouns ending in a consonant, plain -očč is used: bet 'house' becomes bet-očč 'houses'. For nouns ending in a back vowel -a, -o, -uthe suffix takes the form -ʷočče.
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The earliest and most significant instance of "Arabization" was the early Muslim conquests of Muhammad and the subsequent Rashidun and Umayyad blogger.com built a Muslim Empire that grew well beyond the Arabian Peninsula, eventually reaching as far as Iberia in the West and Central Asia to the East, covering 11,, km 2 (4,, sq mi), making it one of the largest empires in Literature review of leverage. Thesis of nabataean, air force core values essay resume acute homoeopathy thesis pavel caha dissertation outline for research paper in apa style, difference between christianity and islam essay bc english 10 provincial exam Esl thesis statement ghostwriting for hire best best essay ghostwriter site ca pay for ecology blog purchasing manager resume sample! Dissertation project management tool usage write book title in essay, write a resume cover sheet the golden age of youth essay. Thesis of nabataean. M tech thesis topics in cs: best way to sign off a cover letter
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